Diagnosing Lupus begins with a detailed medical history and a comprehensive physical examination. For individuals presenting with symptoms and signs suggestive of the disease, laboratory investigations are conducted, including a complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, urinalysis, and various autoantibody tests, particularly anti-nuclear antibody (ANA). Additionally, for some patients, a chest X-ray and echocardiography may be requested to evaluate for fluid accumulation around the heart and lungs. Biopsy samples can be taken from suspicious skin rashes. Especially considering the risk of kidney involvement, in cases where proteinuria or active cells are detected in the urinalysis, a kidney biopsy may be necessary to more clearly determine kidney function and damage.