Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is a hereditary disease caused by mutations in the MEFV gene. FMF typically follows an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, meaning two abnormal copies of the MEFV gene are usually required for the disease to manifest. However, in some cases, particularly in children, even a single mutated gene copy can lead to the development of the disease. Rarely, FMF can be diagnosed even without a clear genetic mutation.

The MEFV gene produces a protein called pyrin, which plays a crucial role in the natural control of inflammation. When this gene does not function correctly, the pyrin protein cannot perform its role, the inflammatory process becomes uncontrolled, and patients experience recurrent episodes of fever and pain without infection.

Factors that can increase the risk of Familial Mediterranean Fever include:

* Family History: A history of FMF in the family increases an individual's risk of developing the disease.
* Mediterranean Ancestry: Having ethnic origins specific to the Mediterranean region elevates the risk of developing FMF.