The primary issues observed in heart valve diseases are of two main types: The first is the restriction of the heart valves' ability to open. A narrowing (stenosis) occurs because the valve cannot open completely. This situation results in less blood than normal being pumped forward. Stenoses, which can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, edema, and swelling in the feet, typically manifest early. The second main type of heart valve disease occurs when the valves cannot close completely. The fundamental role of heart valves is to ensure that blood always flows in one direction and forward. A malfunction in this role arises from the incomplete closure of the valves, and this condition is referred to as heart valve leakage (regurgitation).