While Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is often associated with smoking, and indeed, smoking is a primary risk factor, it's crucial to understand that COPD can also develop in individuals who have never smoked. The main risk factors contributing to the development of COPD include:

* Smoking: This is the most significant risk factor for COPD. Approximately 20-25% of smokers may develop COPD. Former smokers also remain at risk and should be vigilant for symptoms like shortness of breath.
* Long-term Exposure to Lung Irritants: Factors such as severe air pollution, and occupational exposure to dusts, chemicals, and fumes can increase or worsen the risk of COPD, especially in smokers.
* Genetic Factors: A genetic disorder known as Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency can lead to the development of emphysema, even in the absence of other risk factors.
* Childhood Respiratory History: A history of severe respiratory infections or asthma during childhood can increase the risk of COPD.
* Lung Development and Age: Individuals with underdeveloped lungs and those over 40 years of age have a higher probability of developing COPD.
* Environmental and Socioeconomic Factors: Beyond smoking, exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollution and limited access to healthcare can also be among the reasons for an increased risk of COPD.