Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is a genetic disease characterized by recurrent painful inflammations and fever attacks in the chest, abdomen, and joints, starting in early childhood. FMF is autosomal recessive, meaning an individual must inherit a mutated gene copy from both parents for the disease to manifest. This makes the disease more prevalent in populations of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern descent. The first attacks typically occur before the age of 20, mostly during childhood, with 80-90% of patients experiencing their first attack during this period.

FMF attacks are characterized by short-lived fevers, generally lasting 1 to 4 days, which may be accompanied by symptoms such as serositis, synovitis (inflammation of the joint lining), or skin rashes. Attacks can develop within 2 to 4 hours and may sometimes be accompanied by headaches. The frequency and severity of attacks can vary from person to person and even in the same individual over time; the interval between attacks can range from days to years. Furthermore, the type of attacks (abdominal, pleural, or joint involvement) may change over time.

Although there is no definitive cure for FMF, the most common type of periodic fever syndrome, its signs and symptoms can be effectively managed and even prevented. While FMF was identified in the second half of the 20th century, records of periodic fevers date back to ancient times. If left untreated, FMF can lead to serious complications, particularly amyloidosis in the kidneys, and potentially kidney failure. Therefore, appropriate treatment is of great importance to prevent the progression of the disease and maintain quality of life.