Smoking and alcohol have significant negative effects on sperm health. While alcohol consumption can affect sperm production by disrupting hormonal balance, smoking can directly cause damage to sperm DNA.

Diet is also considered an important factor in sperm quality. Although there are studies suggesting that certain antioxidant-rich foods may improve sperm quality, scientific evidence for the direct effects of specific products such as carob, hazelnuts, pistachios, roasted chickpeas, and royal jelly is still limited and requires further research. On the other hand, Vitamins C and E are known to play a critical role in sperm production and functional integrity, and their adequate intake is important for healthy reproductive functions.