Endoscopic lumbar disc herniation surgery can be performed under various types of anesthesia: general anesthesia (patient is fully asleep), spinal anesthesia (lower body is numbed), or local anesthesia (only the surgical area is numbed). Depending on the location of the herniation, the procedure involves accessing the disc tissue either from the back or approximately 8-10 cm to the side of the waist. A specialized endoscope, equipped with a 4mm working channel and camera, is used to visualize and remove the herniated disc material. The entire procedure typically requires only a 7mm skin incision. In most cases, the surgeon navigates between muscle fibers without touching bone, thereby preserving both muscle and bone tissue.