The penis is an important external organ of both the male reproductive system and the urinary system. The primary structures of the male reproductive system include the testes, epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate, and the penis itself. These internal reproductive components are situated within the lower pelvic cavity, located between the hip bones. The penis is positioned anteriorly to the scrotum, the sac containing the testes.

Anatomically, the penis consists of three main parts: the root, the shaft (body), and the glans (head), which is its cone-shaped tip. The glans is typically covered by a layer of skin known as the foreskin.

The functions of the penis are twofold. During sexual arousal, penile arteries dilate and muscles contract; this leads to an erection, which is essential for sexual intercourse. Furthermore, the penis also facilitates the elimination of urine from the body. The urethra, which extends through the penis, transports urine from the bladder out of the body. A sphincter muscle located at the base of the penis controls the flow of urine, allowing it to exit through the urethra when relaxed.