Emphysema is a progressive lung disease resulting from damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. Its most prominent and common symptom is shortness of breath. While chronic bronchitis is primarily characterized by cough and sputum production, emphysema is more defined by shortness of breath.

The symptoms of emphysema encompass a wide range and may include:
* Shortness of breath (especially starting with exertion and worsening over time)
* Cough, with or without sputum production
* Wheezing
* Increased susceptibility to chest infections (e.g., pneumonia, bronchitis)
* Rapid and shallow breathing
* Bluish discoloration of the lips or nail beds (cyanosis)
* Chronic fatigue and low energy
* Cognitive impairment or difficulty concentrating
* Sleep problems
* Anxiety or depression
* Unintended weight loss

In patients with emphysema, inhaled air becomes trapped in the lungs and cannot be fully expelled, leading to shortness of breath. Furthermore, due to damaged alveoli, oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange in the lungs cannot be performed effectively, which reduces the body's oxygen intake and consequently exacerbates shortness of breath. Initially, shortness of breath may occur during physical activities like climbing hills or stairs; however, as the disease progresses, it can become noticeable even during routine activities such as walking on flat ground or dressing.

Not every instance of shortness of breath is a symptom of emphysema; it can arise from various lung conditions. Evaluation by a pulmonary specialist is essential for an accurate diagnosis. Emphysema patients are also more vulnerable to respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis.