The main factors causing laryngeal cancer are cigarette and alcohol consumption. Cigarettes and alcohol damage the cells of the larynx, leading to cancerous tumors. Besides cigarettes and alcohol, HPV virus, age, gender, genetics, a history of head and neck cancer, and exposure to harmful chemicals also trigger laryngeal cancer.

The main factors leading to laryngeal cancer are:

* Cigarette and alcohol consumption
* HPV virus
* Age
* Gender
* Genetics
* History of head and neck cancer
* Exposure to harmful chemicals
* Diet
* Tobacco and alcohol use

Cigarette and alcohol use are among the most important risk factors increasing the risk of laryngeal cancer. The greater the amount and years of tobacco and alcohol use, the higher the risk factor. Those who smoke more than 25 cigarettes a day or have smoked for more than 30 years are approximately 40 times more likely to develop laryngeal cancer than non-smokers. Similarly, long-term and regular alcohol users are three times more at risk than non-drinkers.

Cigarette use is the cause of the vast majority of head and neck cancers, including laryngeal cancer. Individuals constantly exposed to tobacco smoke also have an increased risk of laryngeal cancer.

**Gender:**

Men are 4-5 times more likely to develop laryngeal cancer than women. However, the increased prevalence of smoking among women in recent years has led to a higher incidence of laryngeal cancer in women.

**Genetic factors:**

Individuals with a family history of head and neck cancer or laryngeal cancer have a higher risk of developing laryngeal cancer than those without such a history.

**Age:**

As with many types of cancer, advancing age is among the most important risk factors for laryngeal cancer. Laryngeal cancer is rare under the age of 40.

**Diet:**

Those who consume excessive amounts of red meat, processed foods, or fried foods have a higher risk of developing laryngeal cancer. Studies also show that a deficiency in vitamins A and E can cause laryngeal cancer. A Mediterranean diet, rich in fresh fruits and vegetables, and adequate intake of vitamins A and E can reduce the risk of laryngeal cancer.

**HPV virus:**

Scientific studies show that the HPV (Human papillomavirus) virus, which is mainly sexually transmitted and causes genital warts, cervical and vaginal cancer in women, can also cause laryngeal cancer. HPV is a common infection and clears up on its own without causing any problems in most people.

**Exposure to harmful substances:**

Long-term exposure to certain occupational hazards or chemicals can cause laryngeal cancer.

These harmful chemicals include:

* Wood dust
* Soot or coal dust
* Paint fumes
* Formaldehyde (used in paint production and many cosmetics)
* Nickel
* Isopropyl alcohol (used as a cleaning solvent)
* Sulfuric acid mist
* Asbestos

Poor oral hygiene and reflux disease can also cause laryngeal cancer.