The risk factors for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) are as follows:
1. Radiation Exposure: Exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation (e.g., previous radiotherapy or working in areas with high radiation such as nuclear power plants) can increase the risk.
2. Chemical Exposure: Exposure to certain chemicals like benzene increases the risk of AML. Smoking is a significant risk factor due to its benzene content.
3. Congenital Genetic Disorders: Certain inherited DNA disorders, such as Down Syndrome and Fanconi Anemia, can increase the risk of AML development.
4. Pre-existing Blood Disorders: Hematological conditions such as Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS), Essential Thrombocytosis, Polycythemia Vera, or Myelofibrosis have the potential to transform into AML.
5. Previous Cancer Treatments: Patients with a history of chemotherapy, particularly those involving alkylating agents or topoisomerase inhibitors, and radiotherapy, have an increased risk of secondary AML.
6. Family History and Genetics: While most AML cases are not hereditary, a family history of hematological cancers can slightly increase the risk. Some rare genetic syndromes also raise the risk.
7. Gender: AML incidence is slightly higher in men than in women.
8. Age: While AML can occur at any age, its incidence increases with age and is generally more common in older individuals.