Ulcers are open sores that form on the inner lining of the stomach or duodenum. They generally result from an imbalance between the factors that protect the stomach from digestive acids and the secretion of these acids. One of the main causes is infection by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), which damages the stomach lining.

Other factors that lead to or increase the risk of ulcer formation include:

* Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection: Weakens the protective layer of the stomach and intestinal lining.
* Long-term use of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and some corticosteroid medications: Can damage the stomach lining.
* Alcohol and tobacco consumption: Irritates the gastric mucosa, weakening the protective barrier.
* Intense stress: While not a direct cause of ulcers, it can worsen symptoms and delay healing.
* Genetic predisposition: A family history of ulcers can increase the risk.
* Unhealthy and irregular eating habits: Certain foods and prolonged fasting can irritate the stomach.
* Eating quickly: Can make digestion difficult, leading to discomfort.