Root canal treatment is performed when the tooth's pulp, which contains nerves and blood vessels, becomes irreversibly damaged due to deep decay, cracks, trauma, or severe infection. Its primary aim is to save the natural tooth, preserve the surrounding bone structure, and prevent further complications that could lead to tooth loss. A tooth comprises three main layers: the outermost enamel, the underlying dentin, and the innermost pulp. The pulp is vital for the tooth's health. When deep decay, trauma, or cracks compromise the enamel and dentin, bacteria can reach the pulp, leading to inflammation and infection. This irreversible damage causes the pulp tissue to die. Root canal therapy is a crucial procedure designed to prevent tooth extraction. Losing a tooth can lead to bone resorption in the jaw, impacting oral function, aesthetics, and overall quality of life. The treatment involves carefully removing the infected or inflamed pulp from the pulp chamber and root canals, thoroughly cleaning and shaping these internal spaces, and then filling them with a biocompatible material. This process effectively seals the root canal system, preventing re-infection and halting the progression of bacteria into the surrounding tissues, including the jawbone in advanced cases.