Sperm (semen) analysis is a crucial assessment tool in couples' journey to conceive. It is generally recommended to evaluate the male factor when a couple has been unable to achieve pregnancy despite one year or more of unprotected, regular sexual intercourse. This test may also be deemed necessary in cases involving conditions affecting the testes such as varicocele, orchitis, or undescended testis, or after treatments like radiotherapy or chemotherapy that could adversely affect sperm production.

During the initial consultation, couples are examined together. A detailed general health history of the male patient, covering childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, is thoroughly questioned. A comprehensive physical examination of the reproductive organs is performed. At this stage, the presence of sexually transmitted infections and systemic diseases such as chronic liver/kidney failure, lung diseases, hypertension, thyroid, or diabetes is investigated. Additionally, information is gathered regarding occupational risk factors, habits like smoking and alcohol consumption, contraception methods used by the couple, and frequency of sexual intercourse. Symptoms such as respiratory infections, olfactory disorders, milky discharge from the nipples, or severe headaches can also provide important diagnostic clues.

Following this detailed preliminary assessment, additional diagnostic methods are employed, including sperm (spermiogram, semen analysis) testing, hormonal tests, and genetic investigations when necessary. Even if performed in the past, a repeat, current sperm analysis may be required. To obtain accurate and reliable results, it is of utmost importance that sperm analysis is performed in a fully equipped healthcare center.